Description of Entries

The DATA OF ATHENIANS have been entered into the computer in two relations or tables, a Main relation of 15 attributes or fields, and a Ref(erence)s relation of 8 attributes or fields. 1 The printed volumes are being generated from a program written by P. M. W. Matheson which arranges the 13 attributes of the main relation (two attributes, datefrom and dateto, designed specifically for computer searching, have been omitted from the printed version) into two “paragraphs,” one containing information about the person’s name, the other containing information about the person’s identification, or activity. The seven attributes of the references relation (omitting the identifying number, which is repeated from Main in Refs) also appear as two “paragraphs,” first the reference and all additional information about it, and then the text of that reference. In the descriptions below the names of the appropriate attributes are inset in italics into the text describing them. Sample entries are given on page xi.

num     A six-digit number unique to each entry. Gaps have been left in the sequence of numbers for addenda. An asterisk (*) preceding the number indicates that the entry is an auxiliary name, usually a Roman praenomen or gentilicium, the principal entry appearing under the cognomen. Brackets embracing the number signify a ghost name, i.e., a name which owes its existence to an error (demonstrated in the subjoined sequence of references and texts), or a name which is connected with Attica only by accident, e.g., an inscription which has been moved to Athens (pierre errante) or appears in a copy of an inscription at Athens, such as a decree of the Delphian Amphiktiony. The inclusion of these names may be justified on the grounds that the data-base serves also as an index feminarum et virorum of the Corpora of Attic inscriptions.

name    The name of the person is written in upper-case Greek unencumbered with brackets and other epigraphical sigla. The order of the listing of the names is based on Kirchner, with the exception of persons whose citizenship or status, e.g., metics or slaves, precluded entry into Prosopographia Attica. The rules of order, outlined in Meritt and Traill, Athenian Agora, vol. XV, p. 349, section 8, are here extended with the inclusion of ethnics:

1. Simple Names
2. Names + Qualification
3. Names + Patronyms
4. Names + Phyle-Designation in alphabetical order of Phyle
5. Names + Demotic in alphabetical order of Demotic
6. Names + Ethnic in alphabetical order of Ethnic.

Metics with deme designations are included along with the citizens in category 5. Homonymous fathers and sons are here generally listed together, and there are a few other deviations, particularly within and between groups 2 and 3, the reason for which is normally obvious. A question-mark (?) following the name indicates a doubtful reading or attestation.

Minor orthographical and phonological variations have been leveled in the entry of the name, but major differences in spelling have been retained where practicable, e.g., Aphrodeisios and Aphrodisios. Cross-references (numbered in sequence with the names) will bring the variants to the user’s attention, and the texts of the references in all instances should preserve the precise orthography of the variant which normally will be noted with a following exclamation point (!).

Broken names of which the first letter or letters have been preserved are listed along with the others in alphabetical order. Broken names from which the first letter or letters have been lost will appear in Volume 19. In some instances possible identifications with other complete names in the data-base have been suggested. It is probable that many more of these names will, in future, be found to correspond to other entries. Indeed, their inclusion here will help further the process of identification; in any case, these fragments of names are part of the prosopographical heritage.

A single long dash (—) indicates a break of indeterminable length. A series of dashes indicates the approximate number of lost letters, a series of dots, the exact number. Modifiers of the names, such as neoteros (younger), presbyteros (older), krateros (senatorius, clarissimus), appear immediately following the name.

additional names  Roman and alternate names   (viz ho kai / he kai) are supplied in parentheses () and will be listed also in additional, complementary entries at the appropriate places in the data-base. In the case of Roman imperial titles only the first entry, i.e., of the earliest identifier, is supplied in this printed version.

place     The place, i.e., demotic or ethnic, of the person appears next. Normally the place has been attributed from father to son, and vice versa, without special designation. Other attributions of place, e.g., from prosopographical identification, are marked by an asterisk (*) following the place. As with the name, minor orthographical and phonological variants have been leveled, but major variants, e.g., Milesios and Meilesios, have been preserved. Modifiers of place, such as the designations kathyperthen (Upper) and hypenerthen (Lower) with the demotics, follow the place.

phyle     The Athenian phyle or tribe follows the demotic. Independent attestation of the phyle has been distinguished from derivative attestation, i.e., assignment from demotic or other information, by marking the attributed phyle with an asterisk (*). Assignment by secretarial cycles is considered as independent attestation. For the phyle abbreviations used, see the table of phylai below.

link      Often the name has been associated with another name, which we have designated loosely as kin. Various forms of association linking the name with a kin have been entered into the computer as a numerical link. For the table of links—the numbers used and their verbal correspondences, which have been substituted in this printing format—see below. It may readily be observed from this table that some links go far beyond what is normally understood as kin.

kin      The kin-name is given in the same format as the name, viz upper-case Greek unencumbered with epigraphical sigla, etc. Where the kin has several names, e.g., Roman tria nomina, the full name is supplied without parentheses, in contrast to the entry of the name. Where a place, viz ethnic or demotic, belongs specifically to the kin, it is listed here. Often the kin is connected to another person or persons, and these extended relationships, such as on the same gravestone with —, or who is also wife of —, are given following the place of the kin.

PA, S, and D         The name-paragraph is completed with the Prosopographia Attica (PA) number in parentheses. When the person has been treated in J. Sundwall’s Nachtr¨age zur Prosopographia Attica, or in J. K. Davies’ Athenian Propertied Families, an S or D will also appear in the parentheses. A plus (+) or minus (-) sign following the PA number indicates a significant addition to or subtraction from the entry in Prosopographia Attica. Brackets ([ ]) surrounding the PA number indicate a correction of the name, for which normally another entry will appear in the data-base. The accompanying references and texts should in most instances make clear the nature and extent of the corrections. NB. In this format the first listing of a person will contain the maximum amount of information with respect to the place, phyle, and kin of a person, even though not all this information may be attested in the references of the first identifier.

id      The identifier lists in chronological order the functions a person performed. This attribute is composed of two elements, a generic portion (16 or fewer characters in the computer entry), e.g., athletic victor, and a variable-length specifying element, e.g., in boys’ boxing first age-group at the Panathenaia. The most common identifiers, in order of frequency, are: ephebe, on a gravestone, bouleutes (councillor), dedicant, epengraphos (in ephebic lists), casualty, and in a catalogue. Occasionally, where the feminine form is rare or hypothetical, a masculine form, e.g. eranistes, has been used for a woman.

date     The date immediately follows the identifier. In this attribute when a and p stand for ante and post Christi natum vel aetatem communem, they are invariably last, and a question-mark (?), when employed, immediately precedes them. Almost all the dates are given, as in the Corpora of inscriptions, in Latin abbreviations as follows:

Roman numerals designate centuries. Circa, abbreviated "c" is arbitrarily assigned a span of 20 years (10 before and after) in the datefrom and dateto attributes, which have been designed for computer searches. If we believe the span should be narrower, we allow a window of 10 years (5 before and after), and employ the abbreviation "ca". Where the evidence indicates, a slash is interpreted as either from the middle of one century until the middle of the next or from the end of one century until the beginning of the next. Otherwise a slash is interpreted as identical to a dash, e.g., IV/III and IV-III mean either fourth or third century.

The date of a father (or mother) has been set back 30 years from the date of each identifier of a son (or daughter), or 20 years when the identifier is ephebe, and a c (circa) has been added to the newly computed date. Some of the resulting combinations, e.g., cc, cca, may seem anomalous, but they help to convey the relative degree of uncertainty, and they have a defined numerical meaning for searches. The date of the parent may readily be recovered according to the table of date conversions (see below).

NB. Where the sources suggest wider or narrower parameters, e.g., some editors employ post med. saec. IV ante to include the Hellenistic and/or Roman periods, we modify accordingly, and show such modifications in the date entered in the computer data-base by an asterisk before (for datefrom) or after (for dateto) the Roman or Arabic numeral; these asterisks do not appear in the printed version.

The dates, including many new dates, are generally supplied without comment. A table of the problematical dates of the epigraphical documents, which will take into consideration the most recent chronological studies, will be supplied along with the indexes in Volume 20.

stat     The next item of the identifier-paragraph, status, supplies the sex, citizenship, and social status, using the following abbreviations:

f A R * M

female Athenian citizenship Roman citizenship citizenship attributed (usually from father) metic

S F/N NA out in

slave manumitted or naturalized non-Athenian or foreigner outside Attica inside Attica

Where appropriate, a description of the type of name, e.g., aux(illary), alt(ernate), over-restored, doubtful name, is attached to the status.

NB and kincom     Following status appear items from the two comment attributes in the Main relation, of which the most important are the directives to other entries in the database, Possibly the same as, Relative of (usually specifying the relationship), etc. In the athenians project every effort has been made to be as critical and as accurate as possible in the identification of individuals. The result has been a large-scale dismemberment of the traditional identifications in Attic prosopography. Generally, only the most probable identifications have been retained within the same record, i.e., under the same number, and many of the single entries of PA have been split into separate files joined by the comment Possibly the same as. A considerable number of new identifications have also been made under this heading. At this stage no attempt has been made to evaluate the relative probability of the identifications supplied with the designation Possibly to be identified with, which varies from very probable to barely possible. A few traditional, but now unlikely, identifications have been retained under this designation.

The heading Treated in . . . directs the reader to a discussion of the individual’s family, normally with stemma. In some instances the person under discussion may be an addition to the published stemmata. The listing of references such as PA, NPA, or APF, etc. does not necessarily imply acceptance of the stemmata offered in these works. Indeed, it will often be clear from the identifications and relationships proposed in this volume that the published stemmata must be revised. The data-base was designed, in part, to facilitate the computerized generation of stemmata (Horos 7, 1989, p. 58). Treatment of the individual, as opposed to the family, in such works as TrGF, PCG, or Stefanes (sometimes with more documentation than offered here) is prefaced by the designation "Cf."

Other items of more particular nature are listed at this point, viz archons of insecure date, the profession and other data of the kin whose broken names will not be included in the database until the publication of Volume 19, and comments on individual attributes.

Each identifier for an individual is followed by the reference or references which attest that activity. For the larger files, e.g. Aeschines and Aeschylus, the documentation is intended to be representative rather than exhaustive. The references are laid out as follows:

refno and reftie   The purpose of the References relation is to provide full documentation for the data in the Main relation. To this end a series of references has often been supplied employing decimal numbers and a set of symbols to indicate cognate texts. References to the same lemma are numbered 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc., and the second and following entries have a symbol to their left, reftie, to indicate the relationship of that text to the preceding text. The table of REFTIE SYMBOL is given below.

ref and refline   The most commonly abbreviated references are those to Hesperia (H) and to the Corpus of Greek Inscriptions (Roman numerals, to which one should prefix I.G.) The page number, e.g. p18, refers to the page on which the text appears. The number following the page number, e.g., p50 18, or in the place of the page number, e.g. 18, is the text or inscription number. For a list of the abbreviations used, see the table of ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES below.

class     Following the line number there appears in parentheses a brief classification of the type of document. This has been entered numerically in the computer; the full listing, with the abbreviations used in the printed text, is given in the CLASS table below. Note that an asterisk (*) preceding the entry indicates a metrical text (represented by a negative number in the database).

text     The text, usually in Greek, occasionally in Latin, is supplied with full epigraphical sigla commencing on a new line immediately below the reference. The text includes as much of the context of the inscription as is required to establish the full name and activity of the individual. In the case of a patronym or matronym, normally only the evidence for the name, place, and kin is supplied, unless the name of the kin lacks initial letters, in which instance the full text is given.

Certain modifications of conventional epigraphical practice, some of them forced on us by the computer, have been implemented in this project. Parentheses ( ) indicate supplements to original texts, whatever the reason (demonstrable or implied), for the abbreviation. NB. This involves a slight departure from the Leiden conventions, and occasionally with older texts it has been difficult to determine whether there has been a correction of or a supplement to the lemma. Angled brackets enclose corrections to a text; the original will appear on a new line below the text with the designation Text . . . . A dot indicates only a single missing letter. A stop is indicated by a raised dot, or Greek colon. A series of three such dots signifies an abridgement of a text. No full stops are used after abbreviations in the text; these are often supplemented in parentheses.

The way in which missing letters in names are represented in the Main relation fields name, place, and kin has already been mentioned (a precise number of dots, an approximate number of dashes, or a long dash for an undetermined number; see p. vi). When the text is given in the References relation, however, lacunose texts are represented as follows:

[.] [. .] [. 3 .] [. 4 .] [- - -]

1 missing letter 2 missing letters 3 missing letters 4 missing letters indefinite number of missing letters

[-] [- -] [- 3 -] [- 4 -]

approx. 1 missing letter approx. 2 missing letters approx. 3 missing letters approx. 4 missing letters

                                              Vacat is treated in a similar fashion, viz :

v v3v

1 uninscribed space 3 uninscribed spaces

vv vvv

2 uninscribed spaces undefined length of uninscribed space

A line break is indicated by a single slash /, a metrical break which is not a line break (and is not indicated by the disposition of the text) by a vertical line |. A double slash, //, indicates a break of more than one line in a continuous text. A triple slash, ///, indicates a non-continuous text, i.e., the gap contains a lacuna. Slashes enclosing Roman numerals indicate column numbers in a text. As stated above, orthographical and phonological variant forms are followed by an exclamation point (!).

In other respects our system follows the Leiden conventions, viz brackets enclose letters lost from ancient texts through damage, and curled brackets enclose superfluous letters added by the ancient letter-cutter. Texts legible in rasura are enclosed in double brackets; restored texts in rasura are marked by double plus single brackets. A dot under a letter indicates that the preserved traces are compatible with a number of letters, in addition to the one printed in the text.

Within the file of a person an identical text is not repeated from one identifier or kin to the next (normally the full text is supplied with the first entry), and the text for the file of a father, when he is immediately succeeded by his homonymous son (our normal arrangement), will be found only with the latter. A series of three tildes (~ ~ ~) in successive references signifies that the portion or portions of the text not supplied are unchanged from the preceding entry, i.e., only changes (with enough material to identify the context) normally are printed. The attribution of a phyle is shown by a Roman numeral within parentheses. Texts which have been reprinted without restudy are normally cited in the commentary following the designation “Cf.” The Roman numerals sometimes used by editors to identify homonymous members of a family have been omitted from the texts.

additional ids, kin       Additional identifiers, i.e., functions a person performed, with dates, references, and texts (if different from those of earlier identifiers) will follow. Finally, additional kin or relatives, with dates, references, and texts (if not previously cited) are listed. The line numbers in these instances refer to the lemmata where the additional relatives are cited.

SAMPLE ENTRIES

For explanation and listings of the labels in italics to left and right of the text, see the appropriate description above (pp. v–xi) and the tables following (pp. xii-xviii).

 

     

 

     

TABLES

PHYLAI

 

LINKS

NB. When the exact nature of the link is uncertain, it is entered as a negative number, and printed here with a question mark (?) after it.

0 perhaps related to      28 niece of                  72 earlier colleague of
1 son of                  29 father/grandfather of     73 later colleague of
2 daughter of             30 mother/grandmother of     75 on coin with
3 father of               31 son-in-law of             76 on dedication with
4 mother of               32 daughter-in-law of        80 on gravestone with
5 husband of              33 father-in-law of          81 family grave with
6 wife of                 34 mother-in-law of          82 on grave, earlier than
7 brother of              37 brother-in-law of         83 on grave, later than
8 sister of               38 sister-in-law of          85 on vase with
9 husband/father of       40 relative of               86 on vase, related to
10 wife/daughter of       41 ancestor of               87 on vase, earlier than
11 adopted son of         42 descendant of             88 on vase, later than
12 adopted daughter of    43 cousin of (m)             90 associated with
13 adoptive father of     44 cousin of (f)             91 friend of
14 adoptive mother of     51 owner (m) of              92 opponent of
17 adopted brother of     52 owner (f) of              93 honoring
18 adopted sister of      55 manumittor (m) of         94 honored by
19 son/grandson of        56 manumittor (f) of         95 student of
20 daughter/granddaug of  57 guardian of               96 teacher of
21 grandson of            58 ward of                   97 superior of
22 granddaughter of       61 slave (m) of              98 inferior of
23 grandfather of         62 slave (f) of              99 contemporary of
24 grandmother of         65 manumitted (m) by         100 for main information see
25 uncle of               66 manumitted (f) by         110 see also
26 aunt of                70 colleague of              115 identical to
27 nephew of              71 colleague related to      120 possibly same as
 

DATE CONVERSIONS

NB. Ephebic conversions, when different from normal conversions, are given in parentheses.

Date         Assigned span   Date/parent (ephebic)      Assigned span (ephebic)

IVa         -400 to -300  c IVa                     -400 to -300
c IVa       -400 to -300  cc IVa                    -400 to -300
IV/III      -400 to -200  c IV/IIIa                 -400 to -200
IV-III      -400 to -200  c IV-IIIa                 -400 to -200
in IVa      -400 to -380  c a f Va (c f Va)         -440 to -400 (-430 to -390)
c in IVa    -410 to -370  cc a f Va (cc f Va)       -450 to -390 (-440 to -380)
p in IVa    -390 to -370  c f Va (c 410-390a)       -430 to -390 (-420 to -380)
380-360a    -380 to -360  c 410-390a (c in IVa)     -420 to -380 (-410 to -370)
a m IVa     -370 to -350  c in IVa (c p in IVa)     -410 to -370 (-400 to -360)
m IVa       -360 to -340  c p in IVa (c 380-360a)   -400 to -360 (-390 to -350)
c 350a      -360 to -340  c p in IVa (c 380-360a)   -400 to -360 (-390 to -350)
c m IVa     -370 to -330  cc p in IVa (cc 380-360a) -410 to -350 (-400 to -340)
p m IVa     -350 to -330  c 380-360 (c a m IVa)     -390 to -350 (-380 to -340)
a f IVa     -330 to -310  c m IVa (c p m IVa)       -370 to -330 (-360 to -320)
f IVa       -320 to -300  c p m IVa (c 340-320a)    -360 to -320 (-350 to -310)
304/3a      -304 to -303  c 334/3a (c 324/3a)       -344 to -323 (-334 to -313)
c 302a      -312 to -292  cc 332a (cc 322a)         -352 to -312 (-342 to -302)
ca 302a     -307 to -297  cca 332a (cca 322a)       -347 to -317 (-337 to -307)
pa p 302a   -302 to -297  c pa p 332a (c pa p 322a) -342 to -317 (-332 to -307)
aet Hellen  -325 to -150  c aet Hellen              -325 to -150
aet Rom     -150 to 300   c aet Rom                 -150 to 300
aet Aug     -30 to 15     c 60-15a (c 50-5a)        -70 to -5 (-60 to 5)
aet imp     -30 to 300    c aet imp                 -30 to 300
aet Christ  300 to 600    c aet Christ              300 to 600

 

REFTIE SYMBOLS

equals (=)                   the present text is identical to the preceding
approximately-equals ()   the present text is nearly the same as the preceding (very minor change)
less-than (<)                the present text is judged superior to the preceding
greater-than (>)             the present text is judged inferior to the preceding
percent (%)                  part of the present text is judged superior, part inferior, to
                             the preceding text
slash (/)                    no choice is made between the present and preceding texts
                             and/or the reading is unconfirmed
question-mark (?)            uncertain whether the present and preceding references are to same lemma
plus (+)                     add present text to preceding
minus (-)                    subtract present text from preceding
ampersand (&)                a significant difference between present and preceding texts
                             outside the lemma, or a difference in text affecting a
                             succeeding relative

 

CLASS

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES

NB. The name in square brackets (abbreviated to initials in succeeding entries) at the termination of some references is that of the compiler of the segment of the Meritt file according to the incomplete list of entries on the cards at the beginning of alpha. This table has been compiled by computer from this volume and all preceding volumes.

 

 
 

 

1 Descriptions of the technical aspects of athenians, including examples of computer searching and correcting facilities, were published by D. C. Tsichritzis and J. S. Traill in Beta-Gamma (Computer Systems Research Group, University of Toronto, Technical Report, Toronto, Canada, June 1983), and by J. S. Traill and P. M. Wallace Matheson in Horos 7, 1989, pp. 53–76.